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The Peace of Thorn was a peace treaty formally ending the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War between allied Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Teutonic Knights on the other. It was signed on February 1, 1411 in Thorun, one of the southernmost cities of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.The Peace of Thorn was not politically stable. It took two other brief wars to solve the territorial disputes between the powers. However, large...
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Presents the diary of Clara Kramer, a Polish-Jewish teenager whose family was taken in during World War II by the Becks, an ethnically German family from their town, who sheltered the Kramers, as well as two other Jewish families, in a bunker dug out of the basement for twenty months.
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"The long-hidden diary of a young Polish woman's last days during the Holocaust, translated for the first time into English, with a foreword from American Holocaust historian Deborah Lipstadt. Renia Spiegel was a young girl from an upper-middle class Jewish family living on an estate in Stawki, Poland, near what was at that time the border with Romania. In the summer of 1939, Renia and her sister Elizabeth (née Ariana) were visiting their grandparents...
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The Frantic operations were conceived in late 1943 during World War II, making Soviet airfields accessible to long-range American aircraft based in Italy and later England. Yet Stalin had to be persuaded by the United States to let them use Frantic to drop supplies to the Poles after the Warsaw Uprising began in 1944.
On September 18, 1944, American B-17 Flying Fortresses, supported by fighter planes, dropped arms, ammunition, medical supplies, and...
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Polish pilot Wladyslaw (Wladek) Gnys was credited with shooting down the first two German aircraft of World War II on September 1, 1939. On this day, as Gnys' squadron took off near Kraków to intercept the German invaders, German Stuka pilot Frank Neubert attacked, killing the captain. Wladek, who barely survived himself, evaded the pursuing Stukas and went on to make the first Allied kills, while Neubert was credited with the first aerial kill of...
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In Europe's last primeval forest, at Poland's easternmost border with Belarus, the deep past of ancient oaks, woodland bison, and thousands of species of insects and fungi collides with authoritarian and communist histories.
Foresters, biologists, environmentalists, and locals project the ancient Bialowieza Forest as a series of competing icons in struggles over memory, land, and economy, which are also struggles about whether to log or preserve...
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